ABSTRACT
Abstract: Suxamethonium chloride is a depolarizing muscle relaxant used in general anesthesia. In overdose, it causes adverse reactions such as bradycardia, arrhythmia, cardiac arrest, and death. The article reviews the progress on testing methods of suxamethonium chloride such as infrared spectroscopy, chemical color reaction, chemical titration, enzyme electrode, chromatography and mass spectrometry.
Subject(s)
Humans , Anesthesia, General , Arrhythmias, Cardiac/chemically induced , Biosensing Techniques , Bradycardia/chemically induced , Chromatography , Drug Overdose , Heart Arrest/chemically induced , Mass Spectrometry , Neuromuscular Depolarizing Agents/analysis , Spectrophotometry, Infrared , Succinylcholine/analysisABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the effect of capsaicin on nude mice xenografted with colorectal carcinoma cells, and to explore its mechanism of action.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A nude mouse model of colorectal cancer was established by subcutaneous inoculation of human colorectal carcinoma HT-29 cells. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nicked labeling assay (TUNEL) was undertaken to detect the cell proliferation and apoptosis in the xenograft tissue in nude mice. Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining and Western blot were used to detect the expression of HSP27, Cyt-C and active caspase-3.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The tumor growth of the groups C10 and C20 was significantly slower than that of the group NS. The integrated optical density (IOD) of both the group C5 (2532.14 ± 578.11) and group C10 (6364.03 ± 1137.98) was significantly higher than that of the group NS (760.12 ± 238.05), (P < 0.05). The integrated optical density (IOD) of the group C20 was (15743.96 ± 1855.95), significantly higher than that of the groups C10, C5 and NS (all were P < 0.01). Immunohistochemistry showed that the cytoplasmic expression of HSP27 was strongly positive in the group NS, and significantly reduced with the increasing dose of capsaicin in the treated groups. The expression of active caspase-3 and Cyt-C in the group NS was weakly positive, and was significantly increased with the increasing dose of capsaicin in the groups C5 and C10 (P < 0.05), and the expression of active caspase-3 and Cyt-C of the group C20 was significantly higher than that of the groups C5, C10 and NS (P < 0.01). Western blot analysis showed that both the expressions of HSP27 of the group C5 (0.73 ± 0.05) and the group C10 (0.41 ± 0.03) were significantly lower than that of the group NS (P < 0.05). The expression of HSP27 of the group C20 (0.22 ± 0.06) was significantly lower than that of the groups C5, C10 and NS (P < 0.01). The expressions of active-caspase-3 and Cyt-C in the group C5 were (2.57 ± 0.34) and (2.03 ± 0.38), significantly higher than those of the group NS (P < 0.05). The expressions of active-caspase-3 and Cyt-C in the group C10 were (4.23 ± 0.45) and (3.13 ± 0.44), also significantly higher than those of the group NS (P < 0.05). The expressions of active-caspase-3 and Cyt-C in the group C20 were (5.78 ± 0.48) and (4.92 ± 0.52), significantly higher than those of the group C5, C10 and NS (P < 0.01). TUNEL analysis showed that there was a significant difference of cell apoptosis in comparison of each two groups. The higher dose of capsaicin was used, the more apoptosis was observed.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Capsaicin can significantly inhibit the tumor growth and induce cell apoptosis in the colorectal carcinoma xenograft in nude mice. Its mechanism of action is possibly related with the down-regulation of HSP27 expression and up-regulation of expression of active caspase-3 and Cyt-C in the colorectal carcinoma xenograft in nude mice.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Humans , Mice , Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic , Pharmacology , Apoptosis , Capsaicin , Pharmacology , Caspase 3 , Metabolism , Cell Proliferation , Cytochrome c Group , Metabolism , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , HSP27 Heat-Shock Proteins , Metabolism , HT29 Cells , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Mice, Nude , Neoplasm Transplantation , Random Allocation , Tumor Burden , Xenograft Model Antitumor AssaysABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effects of gastric bypass surgery(GBP) on hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase(PEPCK) mRNA expression in type 2 diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Male GK rats were randomized into three groups: gastric bypass surgery(n=10), sham operation with diet restriction(n=10), and sham operation alone(n=10). Liver specimens of GK rats were collected during the intraoperative period for self-control study and 8 weeks after surgery. Fasting blood glucose, food intake, and body weight were recorded before surgery and 1, 2, 4, 8 weeks after surgery. The expression of PEPCK mRNA was measured by real-time PCR.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The fasting plasma glucose level decreased from(17.6±2.1) mmol/L before surgery to(7.5±0.9) mmol/L 8 weeks after surgery in GBP group. The level of PEPCK mRNA decreased from 1.08±0.38 before surgery to 0.41±0.10 8 weeks after surgery, significantly lower than that in sham operation alone group(1.04±0.12)(P<0.01). The level of PEPCK mRNA in diet restriction group increased from 1.15±0.16 before surgery to 2.54±0.82 8 weeks after surgery(P<0.01). The expression of PEPCK mRNA in diet restriction was significantly higher than that in CBP group(P<0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>GBP can significantly improve hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetic GK rat models, which may be associated with the decrease of hepatic PEPCK mRNA level.</p>